Sunday, April 27, 2008

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Special situations (survival)


SPECIAL SITUATIONS


1. Fire.
2. Natural disasters.

1. Fire.


fire can spread very quickly, sometimes faster than you can run, especially if it is windy. Note that address ranges.
not run blindly looking for a way out into the open.
· Escape from fire.
a. Try to reach the nearest place with water, and if you can swim waiting to go off. B.
If there is water nearby, make a small hole behind a rock and lie face down as straight as possible, cover your body with clothes, plants, and land. (This option is only recommended their dangerousness used in very extreme cases). C.
If you're in front of the fire and you can see a wide path where there are only a few flames, cover your body all you can, breathe deeply and run as fast as you can. D.
If you burn your clothes, surround yourself with what you have in hand, leave the head out and turns on the floor

2. Natural disasters.

a. Lightning: Find shelter in a grove (trees prevents too high), or in the middle of a level field, crouch on the floor, lie under the mat or to cover your canvas tent. B.
Strong winds: Never walk the slopes of the mountains. If suddenly gets windy clothes in his pants and lie on the floor with your backpack in front. C.
Floods: Avoid camping near a river flood warning if there is up to the highest parts. If the water creeps you hold on to some floating object, get up and use it as a raft and paddle using your hands or a piece of wood. D.
Shifting sands and swamps: See if there is quicksand in the beds of rivers, especially in estuaries and on beaches. If you are involved in them lie down on the floor as straight as possible, only if you fight you will sink. Put the bag under you. Wheel and rotate until your feet are free, after walk.

Saturday, April 26, 2008

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fractures and neurological disorders


FRACTURES


Concept.

production mechanism.
Classes. Symptoms
.
sprain.
dislocation.



Treatment:
1. Prevent the accident right moves.
2. Freeze (shingles), always taking two joints.
3. NEVER reduce a fracture. Do not touch.



• As freeze:
A fixed asset is practical in order to prevent any movement in the area of \u200b\u200bthe injured area and prevent, aggravating existing injuries. To freeze, get calm pain, reduce the risk of shock, and reduce the possibility of occurrence of new lesions.

are basically used two techniques to immobilize a suspected fracture:

A. One more way is to use the body as a support for immobilization, with the help of tissue in the form of bandages.
B. Another procedure is more complicated, requiring the use of rigid elements or splints, and support of the grounding, can serve rolled newspapers or magazines, shingles, cardboard tubes, umbrella, or rigid support that we are able to improvise



DISORDERS NEUROLOGICAL

· Disorders of consciousness.
1. Fainting.
2. Syncope.
3. Coma.

1. Fainting.
Mild form of syncope. Also called tides. It is caused by decreased cerebral blood volume and thus less O2 supply to brain cells, causing the anoxia in the brain among other symptoms:

- Hypotension.
- Bradycardia.
- Sweat.
- Nausea. Causes

. Symptoms
.

· Performance of the lifeguard.
1. Withdraw curious about the victim.
2. Loosen clothing.
3. Raise legs to help the return of blood to vital organs.
4. Maintain good ventilation of the patient.
5. Recovery position.
6. Small external stimuli shoulders, cheeks, etc. (Pinching).

2. Syncope.
can be defined as a sudden loss of consciousness, but in general, including an almost total decline of consciousness or the feeling that such a reduction is imminent.
Recovery is usually rapid. Follow notes. Causes

. Symptoms and signs


· Performance of the lifeguard.
1. Place the patient supine.
2. Elevation of the lower limbs.

differential diagnosis.


3. Coma. Abolition
alertness.
is a state in which the victim is unresponsive to external stimuli (verbal, tactile) can not awaken. It keeps the pulse and breathing

Symptoms. Types
coma.


· Performance of the lifeguard.
1. Rapid transfer to a trauma center.
2. Recovery position.
3. Never give anything by mouth.
· Danger
IN WATER The water should take the following precautions:
1. Find a place where it is not dangerous for swimming (flags, etc.).
2. Do not swim near dams, bridges, jetties, where there may be common.
3. Do not dive into the water never know unless which has at least 2 meters deep.
4. No climbing barefoot on the rocks. You can cut the feet on stones, shells, sea urchins, etc.
5. Open water swimming is better parallel to the shore than offshore.
6. Do not walk on water by jumping from rock to rock or sand bars and not explore caves, you can isolate the tide.

· Rescue of people in the water.
Only a very expert in first aid should be launched to rescue someone who is drowning. The panic of a drowning person when you can have both drowned.

1. Victim near the shore:
Lie over and hold on to something safe in the bank. Grab the victim wrist (do not let it catch you you), or grab an object to which you can grab the two.

2. Victim away from the shore:
Throw a rope or anything that floats (belt, jacket, beach ball, or a table), do not throw directly to the victim do it at a distance that you can achieve. An object attached to a rope is the best system.

3. Victims away from the shore in shallow water:
Make a human chain. The person closest to the shore is subject to a secure object, while others cling to the dolls looking in opposite directions until someone can reach the victim or throw a floating object.

Friday, April 25, 2008

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Survival (Schoko)


SHOCK


Concept

Schoko

• Treatment:
1. Place the patient in anti-shock, ie post head lower than feet, except: * If there are wounds to the head.
* If there are puncture wounds in the lungs.
2. Cover with a blanket.
3. Keep still.
4. Loosen any clothing that you can press.
5. If unconscious place in a safe position.
6. If you are thirsty lips moisten
• That Do not:
1. Put a hot water bottle. (This flushes blood from the heart and lungs to the skin. Keep the patient warm.)
2. Do not give it water.
3. Do not move unnecessarily.



SIGNS TO CONSIDER

Pale Face - Cool - sweats - kind of depressed breathing - rapid pulse devil - Dizziness - Anxiety and / or lightheadedness

Thursday, April 24, 2008

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Survival (burns and frostbite)

burns or frostbite.


How to act before a burn.

In recent minor burns:

1. Immersion in cool water.
2. Clean thoroughly to remove foreign bodies.
3. Large Area Disinfection Area.
4. Blisters should not be cut.
5. Placing a clean dressing.
6. Bandage, but without joining the burned areas.


in severe burns:

1. Respect the clothes that are not easily removed.
2. Thorough cleaning and disinfecting everything we can.
3. Cover with clean towels or sheets.
4. Keep limb elevated burned.
5. Do not walk if it has burned legs and if the burn is on the face to keep him.
6. If no vomiting and is aware it must be given small doses of salt water and baking at intervals of 10 to 15 min.


Before a person burns:

1. Smother the flames with blankets or make it roll on the floor.
2. Never use water, just a once off and that the case of synthetics (for heat retention of the clothes).
3. Then treat it as a serious burn.




As
act before Frostbite


In general freeze
1. In the same scene of the accident we will just cover it with blankets and give warm water and sugar.
2. Once in the shelter dry thoroughly and wrap in warm clothes.
3. Administer sugar water and hot liquids.




In a local freezing
1. Maintain circulation to remove base all that press and seek a progressive warming.
2. Wrap the frozen area with sterile dressings and a good layer of cotton.
3. Maintain high member.
4. Take small sips of warm liquids frequently.

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Survival (Wounds and bleeding)


injuries and bleeding.


As Act to external bleeding

1. Direct pressure on the wound.
2. Elevation of the limb.
3. Pressure on the main artery of a member.
4. Tourniquet.



How to act to internal bleeding

1. Lying on your back with your head to one side.
2. Give nothing to drink.
3. Cover with a blanket.
4. URGENT transfer to hospital.



Wound


depend on the type of injury.

A. Simple or superficial wounds

1. Clean hands, instruments, and wound with a jet of water or antiseptic solution, trying to drag all foreign bodies.
2. If using gauze was cleaned from the inside out.
3. Apply antiseptic solution preferably not colored (type chlorhexidine).
4. Apply sterile dressing.

B. More serious injuries


1. Not explore to remove foreign bodies.
2. Application of sterile dressing.
3. Put dressing.
4. Try to immobilize the area.



· Serious injuries in head, thorax and abdomen.

A. Skull
1. Only if the soft parts will affect a pressure bandage.
2. If you suspect bill will not attempt any move, it will transfer most urgent in the sitting position without the skull contact with anything hard.
3. If there is suspicion brain injury will move urgent PLS.

B. Chest
When we suspect outside communication should act quickly because the pneumothorax may end the life of the victim.
1. Do not remove the foreign body that may be stuck.
2. Cover the wound watertight.
3. Bandage the wound and if possible, take your hand applied.

C. Abdomen
1. Do not remove anything that is nailed.
2. Do not attempt to replace the intestines that have been out.
3. Cover with a large cloth, keeping it moist.
4. Fajar smoothly.
5. Never give anything by mouth.
6. Lying down with legs flexionadas.

· No utilizar nunca encima de las heridas.


1. Algodón, servilletas de papel: desprenden pelusa y se deshilachan fácilmente, por lo que se adhieren a los bordes de las heridas, con el consiguiente riesgo de infección.
2. Alcohol, yodo, lejía, etc.: son desinfectantes potentes, pero queman los bordes de las heridas.
3. Pomadas o polvos que contengan antibióticos: el paciente puede ser alérgico a los mismos.

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PRIMEROS AUXILIOS Y SUPERVIVENCIA MEDIOS NATURALES


GENERALIDADES.


What is first aid?.

First aid means to act quickly and do everything you can to help an injured person before help arrives professionals. In an accident there are four things you should do before attending any other:
1. Make sure you're not in danger, it is best to go for help to get in a situation that may endanger your own life.
2. Make sure the person is breathing, making sure that the breathing holes are clean.
3. Stop any severe bleeding.
4. Check if the person has lost consciousness. WHEN ONLY
HAVE YOU CHECKED THESE THINGS BEGIN TO take care of other injuries


How to act:

1. Control of the situation. Serenity.
2. Do what is ignored.
3. Responsibility.
4. Work in a spirit of improvisation.
5. Do not ignore potential severity.
6. Consider any temporary cure.
7. Expedite the transfer.
8. Continue to study first aid.

• The emergency kit


must have the necessary elements to use in an emergency. Among others are:
1. Bands of different types.
2. Sterile gauze.
3. Cotton.
4. Tape.
5. Antiseptic.
6. Hydrogen peroxide.
7. Tapes turnstiles.
8. Splint for immobilization (of fingers).
9. Alcohol.
10. Glucose solution.
11. Utility knife.
12. Analgesic (paracetamol or similar).
13. Antiinflammatory-analgesic ointment.
14. Thermometer.
15. Approach points.

addition, for an outing to the natural environment should be complemented by:

1. Rope (about 7 mm diameter and about 8-10 meters).
2. Cacao (stick or powder), dried or cut lip.
3. Pins.
4. Flashlight and whistle.
5. Calamine lotion.
6. Knife.
7. Needle and thread.
8. Matches in a boat metal.
9. D sodium chloride tablets.
10. Notebook and pencil in a plastic bag.
11. Cloth to put down.


medical emergency.

Definition: A process that requires diagnosis and treatment without waiting, quick, and urgent.

There are three types of emergency:
1. False: Due to hysteria, bulky situations, lends her intentional comedy.
2. Wrong: False alarm by emotion beliefs, infections of recent tragedies.
3. True: Justified as it only gives a physician.
2
vital body functions and vital signs.

basic life functions are two:
1. Breathing.
2. Circulation.

The brain is the organ most sensitive to oxygen, when its lack is total cell death occurs and therefore the death of the life

· Signs:
1. Awareness (knowledge).
2. Breathing: The No normal breaths per minute between 16 and 18 in children is higher and the infant reaches to 40 per minute.
3. Pulse: The normal rate is between 65-80 beats per minute is considered tachycardia above and below is called bradycardia.
4. Taking the pulse: radial, posterior tibial, temporal, carotid and femoral arteries.

pulse can be and have no breathing, but breathing can not be without a pulse.

breathing disorders:

polypnoea: No increase in breaths per minute. Hyperpnea: Greater depth of these

Apnea: Temporary cessation of the mov. Respiratory Hypoxia: insufficient concentration. O2 in the tissues Hypercapnia: carbon dioxide excess
Cyanosis: Bluish skin and mucous membranes


• As treat a person without knowledge:
1. Cleanse the mouth with a scarf wrapped around your finger removes all traces of vomit, blood or a tooth.
2. Instead, loosen the clothing of the neck, waist and chest. Place it carefully in the recovery position

RECOVERY POSITION
Moves Towards the person you

Leg Crossed arms folded over his chest chin tilted upward



·

CPR STEPS 1. Respiratory intensive 1.1. Mouth - mouth.
1.2. Mouth - nose.

2. Cardiac resuscitation, heart massage.
3. Combined method or resuscitation.


· Respiratory arrest recognition:
1. Unconscious patient.
2. Cyanosis (except carbon monoxide poisoning).
3. Pupillary dilation (mydriasis).
4. Cardiac arrest.
5. On inspection no movement of the rib cage.
6. Apnea (breathing).








· Rescue breathing.
1. Removed from the patient's mouth any object: vomit, blood, etc.. Tilt your head back and chin up. This makes the breathing holes are straight and the person can start breathing again.
2. If the person is not breathing, keep your head tilted back, opens her mouth with one hand and the other squeezes the nostrils.
3. Breathe deeply. Cover your mouth with yours and blow deep into his lungs.
4. Once this point, he removed his mouth, for the victim to exhale passively (watching the movement of your chest as you exhale the air.)
5. Follow this operation at a rate of 12 times per minute in an adult (1 every 5 seconds), 0 20 times / minute if a child (1 every 3 seconds). Contraindications


· word of mouth.
1. People with broken jaw (upper or lower).
2. People without teeth.
3. People who know for sure who have TB infection.
4. People with septic mouth (mouth bad or smell bad, etc..).
5. People Vomiting (there will be a thorough cleaning

· Breathing mouth, nose, method, indications and contraindications
· stoma mouth breathing, method, indications. Explanation
spot.
· Method manual artificial respiration (Silvester method).
· Heimlich maneuver, a technique, contraindications, and sequence of action.

· Massage heart.
is compressing the heart, which is accomplished by pressing the heart between the ribs and sternum on the one hand, and spine on the other. The compression must be done with enough force to get the chest down 3 to 4 cm. in each compression.



· Procedure.
1. Verify the absence of a heartbeat.
2. Place hands on each other, palms down and place them on the lower half of sternum, taking care not to support the fingers on the ribs so as not to press them and break them.
3. Exert firm pressure, with the full weight of our body, keeping your arms extended in order to move the breastbone to get few cm. to the spine.
4. Interrupting the pressure, without raising the hands of the victim, so that the chest will heal itself.

· Method combined or CPR
To carry out this technique for a single rescuer in the intervention rate is 15 compressions for every 2 breaths.
To carry out by two lifeguards the inflation rate will be 1 for every 5 compressions.
will no longer be using this technique or by a recovery of the victim or that has come to indicate you expert help steps.